Sarah Chapman looks at Cochrane evidenceCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. on the benefits and harms of antioxidants to reduce muscle soreness after exercise.
Page last checked 16 March 2023
Do you want to exercise without getting sore muscles afterwards? Of course you do! That’s great for any of us but, particularly for athletes, being able to prevent or reduce muscle soreness has implications for their performance, especially during periods of intense competition. So, what might help?
I’ve blogged here before about cryotherapy, favoured by some elite sportspeople despite the lack of evidence for its effectivenessThe ability of an intervention (for example a drug, surgery, or exercise) to produce a desired effect, such as reduce symptoms. or safetyRefers to serious adverse effects, such as those that threaten life, require or prolong hospitalization, result in permanent disability, or cause birth defects.. Rather cheaper and more readily available are antioxidant supplements, things like vitamin C and/or E, or antioxidant-enriched foods such as pomegranate juice. A quick look at commercial websites and fitness blogs shows that antioxidant supplements are marketed with an assurance that they help reduce inflammation and muscle soreness and that drinking tart cherry juice, for example, enhances athletic performance. A quick fix; very appealing! But are the claims justified?
Like cryotherapy, there is a rationale for the use of antioxidants to prevent or reduce muscle soreness. Some researchers think that antioxidants can achieve this by helping reduce the concentrations of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that are typically increased after exercise, peaking after 24 to 72 hours. Delayed-onset muscle soreness is experienced by many people after exercise and taking antioxidants is one of commonest ways to tackle it.
Antioxidants: what’s the evidence?
A Cochrane Review Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise (published December 2017) gathers together the best available evidence on antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise. One of the review authors, Dr Joseph Costello, Senior Lecturer in Exercise Physiology and the University of Portsmouth, points out that “taking antioxidant supplements is one of the commonest strategies used by people who hope to reduce the riskA way of expressing the chance of an event taking place, expressed as the number of events divided by the total number of observations or people. It can be stated as ‘the chance of falling were one in four’ (1/4 = 25%). This measure is good no matter the incidence of events i.e. common or infrequent. of delayed-onset muscle soreness after engaging in strenuous physical activities.”
Is this likely to do any good – or indeed any harm?
The Cochrane reviewCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. includes 50 studies, all comparing high-dose antioxidant supplementation with a placeboAn intervention that appears to be the same as that which is being assessed but does not have the active component. For example, a placebo could be a tablet made of sugar, compared with a tablet containing a medicine. (a dummy pill or drink with no antioxidant). The type and dose of antioxidant varied, but all were higher than the recommended daily amount, and the type of exercise also varied but was enough to cause muscle soreness. Of the 1089 people taking part in the studies, almost nine out of ten were male, and their ages ranged from 16 to 55. Most were recreationally active or moderately trained.
Dr Mayur Ranchordas, Senior Lecturer in Sport and Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism at Sheffield Hallam University, who was the lead author of this review, explains:
“Our review found that antioxidant supplementation may very slightly reduce muscle soreness in the first three days after exercise. However, these reductions were so small that they were unlikely to make any difference.”
Does antioxidant supplementation do any harm?
This remains uncertain, as only nine studies reported on this and the evidence qualityThe certainty (or quality) of evidence is the extent to which we can be confident that what the research tells us about a particular treatment effect is likely to be accurate. Concerns about factors such as bias can reduce the certainty of the evidence. Evidence may be of high certainty; moderate certainty; low certainty or very-low certainty. Cochrane has adopted the GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) for assessing certainty (or quality) of evidence. Find out more here: https://training.cochrane.org/grade-approach is very low.
The bottom line?
Enjoy your pomegranate juice, but know that antioxidant supplementation does not appear to reduce muscle soreness after exercise. Dr Costello remarked that “these findings have important implications for athletes who use, or are considering the use of, antioxidant supplementation.” However, the evidence leaves some uncertainty and further research may change the findings in future updates of the review.
Join in the conversation on Twitter with @JoeCostelloPhD @CochraneUK @SarahChapman30 or leave a comment on the blog.
Sarah Chapman has nothing to disclose.
References
Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIn systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research. 2017, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD009789. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009789.pub2.
, , , .Cochrane, News [online]. 2017. Taking antioxidant supplements to reduce muscles soreness after exercise could have almost no effect, according to a new Cochrane Review [press release]. 14 December 2017. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/news/featured-review-antioxidants-preventing-and-reducing-muscle-soreness-after-exercise