In this blog for non-medical readers, public health doctor Emma Plugge asks whether screening the general populationThe group of people being studied. Populations may be defined by any characteristics e.g. where they live, age group, certain diseases. for malignant melanoma, a type of skin cancer, is likely to be of benefit.
Page last checked 20 April 2023
Take home points
- Skin cancer is often related to sun exposure and can largely be prevented by people taking simple actions such as using high protection sun screen when outdoors.
- Some countries have programmes where the general population is screened for malignant melanoma skin cancer but in introducing such programmes, we need to balance up the benefits and drawbacks.
- The Cochrane ReviewCochrane Reviews are systematic reviews. In systematic reviews we search for and summarize studies that answer a specific research question (e.g. is paracetamol effective and safe for treating back pain?). The studies are identified, assessed, and summarized by using a systematic and predefined approach. They inform recommendations for healthcare and research., ‘Screening for reducing morbidity and mortality in malignant melanoma’, does not provide evidence to support or refute the introduction of screening for malignant melanoma in the UK; there is an important gap in the evidence and more research is needed.
Summer is here and many of us will be enjoying the long days and sunny weather. However all of us, whether we’re heading off on holiday to exotic locations, staying in the UK, or simply out and about in the fresh air for a few hours, should be cautious about sun exposure, which can put us at increased riskA way of expressing the chance of an event taking place, expressed as the number of events divided by the total number of observations or people. It can be stated as ‘the chance of falling were one in four’ (1/4 = 25%). This measure is good no matter the incidence of events i.e. common or infrequent. of skin cancer.
Skin cancer is common
Skin cancer which is largely preventable and can be fatal, is on the rise in the UK. It’s currently the 5th most common cancer in the UK and around 16,000 people are diagnosed with it here every year. More people are dying of it too. According to Cancer Research UK (2017), death rates from melanoma skin cancer (or ‘malignant melanoma’), often thought of as the most serious kind, have increased by 156% since the 1970s. The most common sign of melanoma is the appearance of a new mole or a change in an existing mole. If caught early, it can be cured. In 2016 however, 2285 people still died from this cancer.
Reducing our risk of skin cancer
There are things each of us can do to reduce our risk of getting skin cancers, as well as avoiding the pain of sunburn. The NHS advises us to ‘spend time in the shade’ between 11am and 3pm from March to October as this is when the sun is strongest in the UK. We should also be covering up with ‘suitable’ clothing and using at least factor 30 sunscreen (NHS UK, 2019, reviewed 2022).
Skin cancer screening?
Prevention is, of course, better than cure but catching it early can make a huge difference to whether treatmentSomething done with the aim of improving health or relieving suffering. For example, medicines, surgery, psychological and physical therapies, diet and exercise changes. is successful. So how can we catch it early? Should we be screening everyone for melanoma skin cancer? Should the NHS be developing a new screening programme to add to the existing ones such as breast cancer, cervical cancer and bowel cancer?
In considering this question, it’s important to think about screening in general. We can’t assume that screening will be good for people. There are definite drawbacks. Going for screening can be time consuming and inconvenient and it makes many people feel anxious. People who are identified by the screening programme as possibly having the disease, might become particularly worried, and because no screening test is 100% perfect, then it might turn out that, after further tests, they don’t have the disease at all! Others might actually have the disease but the screening test fails to pick this up and so they are falsely reassured. Furthermore, screening programmes are costly and, in a cash-strapped NHS, the pros and the cons have to be weighed up carefully to see if the money could be better spent elsewhere.
Looking for evidence on skin cancer screening
Screening for malignant melanoma is practised in a number of countries. Finding the best available evidence from research on the effects (both positive and negative) of screening the general population for malignant melanoma is an important part of weighing up whether a screening programme is desirable.
A Cochrane Review which aimed to pull together the evidence on skin cancer screening has recently been published (Johansson et al., 2019). The review included two studies. The first studyAn investigation of a healthcare problem. There are different types of studies used to answer research questions, for example randomised controlled trials or observational studies., based in the US and with 1356 participants, looked at how to increase the frequency with which people undertake skin self-examinations. The second study was based in Australia and included 63,035 adults who either participated in a three-year community-based melanoma screening programme or did not (the control group).
Unfortunately, the reviewers found no information from either study on the effects of screening on important aspects such as deaths, overdiagnosis from screening, or participantA person who takes part in a trial, often but not necessarily a patient. quality of life. They concluded that ‘screening [the general population] for malignant melanoma is not supported or refuted by evidence from well-designed trials’.
They have identified an important gap in the evidence: there is no evidence to support screening all adults for melanoma skin cancer and more research is needed. In the meantime, people who have a mole that’s changing or a skin lesion that they’re worried about, should still go to their GP, and all of us need to remember to cover up and slather on a generous coating of high protection sun screen before venturing out to enjoy this summer’s sunshine!
Join in the conversation on Twitter with @CochraneUK or leave a comment on the blog.
Emma Plugge has nothing to disclose.
I was diagnosed with spreading melanoma last year and was shocked at the fact that I was expected to look out for suspicious moles myself after having surgery.
I expected to be given a checkup all over on my next visit but just to be asked how my incision was doing ? And have I noticed any changes myself !!
I was shocked as I can’t see my back, bum , neck and head and my husband certainly hasn’t got a clue what to look for.
We take photos of said areas and I inspect the photos as this is what the dermatologist recommended which I was appalled by after being diagnosed with melanoma.
I could understand the blasé response to basal cell carcinoma, bit I think a malignant melanoma patient should have regular full body checks once they have been diagnosed as having it once !
I understand the cost for the nhs not to do it to everyone but if you are in the high risk group ie had skin cancer before, organ transplant etc than I really think the screening should be available.
Screening should be available for sure.
Melanoma’s don’t always follow the ugly duckling sign and are very good at mimicking benign lesions. Melanoma presents itself in children differently and is often misdiagnosed. How many people would think of a dark patch on their nail potentially being melanoma? Or in their eye?
If trained professionals find it difficult to spot, what chance has Joe public got.
I can’t check my skin on my back for example or my head even if I knew what I was looking for.
Screening could be hugely beneficial in the uk but firstly more training and investment is needed for medical staff to identify all early signs and if there is doubt to verge on the edge of caution and remove the suspect mole etc and have pathology confirm it.
Yes it will be costly and time consuming but I can’t believe it would cost more than treating advanced melanoma. Plus it could safe lives!
Screening should at the very least be given to families where there is a history of melanoma.